🌟 Agile Overview
Agile is a project management philosophy focused on collaboration, customer feedback, iterative delivery, and adaptability. Instead of delivering a final product at the end, Agile teams deliver small, usable pieces (called increments) throughout the project.
🔑 Key Agile Concepts:
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Iterative and Incremental Delivery: Working in cycles (Sprints) with regular releases.
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Customer Collaboration: Continuous feedback and involvement.
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Responding to Change: Agile welcomes change, even late in the project.
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Cross-functional Teams: Teams include all skills needed to deliver value.
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Continuous Improvement: Regular retrospectives improve process and performance.
🧩 Common Agile Frameworks:
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Scrum: Uses roles (Scrum Master, Product Owner, Developers), ceremonies (Daily Standup, Sprint Planning, Review, Retrospective), and artifacts (Backlog, Sprint Backlog, Increment).
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Kanban: Visualizes workflow using boards, emphasizing continuous flow and WIP limits.
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XP (Extreme Programming): Focuses on technical excellence, TDD, pair programming.
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SAFe, LeSS, Nexus: Scaled Agile frameworks for larger organizations.
✅ 1. Which of the following are principles of the Agile Manifesto?
(Select all that apply)
A. Welcome changing requirements, even late in development
B. Contract negotiation over customer collaboration
C. Working software is the primary measure of progress
D. Follow the plan no matter what
✔️ Correct Answers: A, C
Explanation: Agile values customer collaboration over contract negotiation and responding to change over following a strict plan.
✅ 2. What are valid responsibilities of a Scrum Master?
(Select all that apply)
A. Facilitating Scrum ceremonies
B. Assigning tasks to the team
C. Removing team impediments
D. Coaching the team on Agile practices
✔️ Correct Answers: A, C, D
Explanation: Scrum Masters are servant-leaders who coach the team, remove blockers, and help facilitate ceremonies—but they don’t assign tasks (teams are self-organizing).
✅ 3. Which of the following are considered Agile frameworks?
(Select all that apply)
A. Waterfall
B. Scrum
C. Kanban
D. Extreme Programming (XP)
✔️ Correct Answers: B, C, D
Explanation: Waterfall is a traditional methodology. Scrum, Kanban, and XP are Agile frameworks or practices.
✅ 4. What activities occur during a Sprint Retrospective?
(Select all that apply)
A. Review of the product increment
B. Identify process improvements
C. Discuss what went well and what didn’t
D. Estimate the next Sprint backlog
✔️ Correct Answers: B, C
Explanation: The Retrospective is for reflecting on team performance and improving the process—not for reviewing the product or estimating new work.
✅ 5. Which statements about Agile teams are true?
(Select all that apply)
A. They are self-organizing
B. The Scrum Master assigns them tasks
C. They are cross-functional
D. They require micromanagement
✔️ Correct Answers: A, C
Explanation: Agile teams organize their own work and possess all skills needed to deliver value. Micromanagement is discouraged.
✅ 6. What are outputs or artifacts in a Scrum process?
(Select all that apply)
A. Product Backlog
B. Sprint Backlog
C. Increment
D. Gantt Chart
✔️ Correct Answers: A, B, C
Explanation: The Gantt Chart is a tool used in traditional project management, not part of Scrum.
✅ 7. What are the benefits of using Agile?
(Select all that apply)
A. Early and continuous delivery of value
B. Fixed scope and timeline
C. Improved customer satisfaction
D. Better adaptability to change
✔️ Correct Answers: A, C, D
Explanation: Agile focuses on flexibility, adaptability, and early delivery. It does not require a fixed scope.
✅ 8. Which practices are commonly used in Agile development?
(Select all that apply)
A. Pair Programming
B. Sprint Planning
C. Waterfall Phase Gates
D. Continuous Integration
✔️ Correct Answers: A, B, D
Explanation: Waterfall phase gates are not part of Agile. The others are Agile-friendly practices.
✅ 9. What techniques are used for Agile estimation?
(Select all that apply)
A. Story points
B. Time and motion studies
C. T-shirt sizing
D. Planning poker
✔️ Correct Answers: A, C, D
Explanation: Time and motion studies are industrial engineering techniques, not Agile estimation tools.
✅ 10. What actions can be taken when a team consistently fails to meet their Sprint commitments?
(Select all that apply)
A. Discuss in Retrospective and adapt
B. Reassess and adjust velocity
C. Extend the Sprint duration
D. Evaluate if the backlog is well-refined
✔️ Correct Answers: A, B, D
Explanation: Extending Sprints is not recommended in Scrum. Teams should inspect and adapt instead.
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Sure! Here are 10 multiple-choice Agile questions where two answers are correct. Each question includes the correct answers and explanations.
✅ 1. Which of the following are core values of the Agile Manifesto?
(Select two answers)
A. Customer collaboration over contract negotiation
B. Following a detailed plan over responding to change
C. Individuals and interactions over processes and tools
D. Comprehensive documentation over working software
✔️ Correct Answers: A, C
Explanation: Agile values customer collaboration and individuals over rigid processes and comprehensive documentation.
✅ 2. Who is responsible for ensuring that the Scrum Team adheres to Scrum principles?
(Select two answers)
A. Product Owner
B. Scrum Master
C. Development Team
D. Stakeholders
✔️ Correct Answers: B, C
Explanation: The Scrum Master coaches the team on Scrum, and the Development Team ensures adherence to Scrum practices. The Product Owner is responsible for managing the backlog, while stakeholders provide input but do not ensure Scrum adherence.
✅ 3. Which two activities are part of the Sprint Planning ceremony in Scrum?
(Select two answers)
A. Reviewing the Product Backlog
B. Estimating the time required for each task
C. Selecting work to be done in the Sprint
D. Conducting the Sprint Retrospective
✔️ Correct Answers: A, C
Explanation: During Sprint Planning, the team reviews the Product Backlog and selects work for the Sprint. Estimation and retrospective are separate activities.
✅ 4. Which of the following are benefits of using Agile?
(Select two answers)
A. Continuous delivery of value to the customer
B. Fixed and rigid requirements
C. Increased flexibility to adapt to change
D. A focus on detailed upfront planning
✔️ Correct Answers: A, C
Explanation: Agile focuses on delivering value continuously and allows teams to adapt to changes, while detailed upfront planning is not emphasized.
✅ 5. What are common roles in a Scrum team?
(Select two answers)
A. Scrum Master
B. Project Manager
C. Product Owner
D. Developer
✔️ Correct Answers: A, C
Explanation: The Scrum Master and Product Owner are defined Scrum roles. The Developer is part of the Development Team, while Project Manager is not a formal Scrum role.
✅ 6. In Agile, how is progress measured?
(Select two answers)
A. Number of tasks completed
B. Working software delivered
C. Team satisfaction
D. Product Backlog completion
✔️ Correct Answers: B, D
Explanation: Agile focuses on working software and delivering items from the Product Backlog, rather than measuring the number of tasks or team satisfaction directly.
✅ 7. Which two practices are typically used for Agile estimation?
(Select two answers)
A. Story Points
B. Time-based estimates (e.g., hours)
C. Planning Poker
D. Waterfall estimation
✔️ Correct Answers: A, C
Explanation: Story Points and Planning Poker are common Agile estimation techniques, while Time-based estimates and Waterfall estimation are traditional approaches.
✅ 8. What are typical outputs of a Sprint Review?
(Select two answers)
A. Product Increment
B. Sprint Retrospective Plan
C. Updated Product Backlog
D. Release Plan
✔️ Correct Answers: A, C
Explanation: The Product Increment and updated Product Backlog are common outcomes of the Sprint Review. Sprint Retrospective is a separate ceremony.
✅ 9. Which two ceremonies in Scrum focus on continuous improvement?
(Select two answers)
A. Sprint Planning
B. Sprint Retrospective
C. Daily Scrum
D. Sprint Review
✔️ Correct Answers: B, C
Explanation: The Sprint Retrospective and Daily Scrum (a daily check-in for progress and blockers) are focused on continuous improvement. Sprint Planning and Review are focused on the work itself.
✅ 10. What are key characteristics of an Agile team?
(Select two answers)
A. They are self-organizing
B. They require top-down direction
C. They are cross-functional
D. They focus on detailed upfront documentation
✔️ Correct Answers: A, C
Explanation: Agile teams are self-organizing and cross-functional, meaning they manage their work and possess all necessary skills. Top-down direction and detailed upfront documentation are not Agile principles.
✅ 11. What is typically not considered when estimating Story Points in Agile?
A. Complexity of the task
B. Amount of work involved
C. Risk and uncertainty
D. Exact number of developer hours
✔️ Correct Answer: D. Exact number of developer hours
Explanation: Story Points estimate relative effort, not exact time. Hours-based estimation is not aligned with Agile's focus on complexity and risk.
✅ 12. What is "velocity" in Agile estimation?
A. The speed at which tasks are completed in hours
B. The number of user stories completed per Sprint
C. The number of story points completed per Sprint
D. The time it takes to complete a project
✔️ Correct Answer: C. The number of story points completed per Sprint
Explanation: Velocity is a key metric used to measure the amount of work a team can handle in a Sprint, based on past performance.
✅ 13. Which of the following help improve estimation accuracy in Agile?
A. Refining backlog items regularly
B. Using a fixed number of hours per story
C. Involving the entire team in estimation
D. Only letting the Product Owner estimate
✔️ Correct Answers: A and C
Explanation: Estimation is a team activity, and regular backlog refinement helps ensure stories are well-understood before estimating.
✅ 14. In Planning Poker, what is typically the purpose of the Fibonacci sequence (1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, etc.)?
A. To set deadlines
B. To account for increasing uncertainty with larger stories
C. To calculate sprint duration
D. To evenly space estimation values
✔️ Correct Answer: B. To account for increasing uncertainty with larger stories
Explanation: The Fibonacci sequence reflects that larger tasks carry more uncertainty, and the gaps between numbers increase to reflect this.
✅ 15. What happens if the team consistently overestimates story points?
A. Their velocity will be artificially low
B. They will finish more work than expected
C. The Product Owner may reduce the backlog
D. Sprint duration should be increased
✔️ Correct Answer: A. Their velocity will be artificially low
Explanation: Overestimating inflates story points, leading to a lower velocity, which can skew planning and forecasting.
✅ 16. Why are Story Points preferred over hour-based estimates in Agile?
A. They are more precise and scientific
B. They account for both effort and uncertainty
C. They eliminate the need for planning
D. They allow management to set deadlines more easily
✔️ Correct Answer: B. They account for both effort and uncertainty
Explanation: Story Points consider complexity, risk, and effort, making them more suitable for Agile's iterative and flexible nature.
✅ 17. Which of the following best describes the relationship between Story Points and velocity?
A. Velocity is the number of hours worked per sprint
B. Story Points decrease as team skill increases
C. Velocity is the average number of Story Points completed per sprint
D. Velocity equals the total number of tasks completed
✔️ Correct Answer: C. Velocity is the average number of Story Points completed per sprint
Explanation: Velocity is calculated by summing the Story Points delivered across multiple sprints and finding the average.
✅ 18. What should a team do if they find themselves frequently debating whether a story is 5 or 8 points?
A. Use the lower estimate to stay safe
B. Average the two numbers
C. Break down the story into smaller parts
D. Go with the majority vote without discussion
✔️ Correct Answer: C. Break down the story into smaller parts
Explanation: If estimation is unclear, the story may be too large or vague. Breaking it down helps improve clarity and estimation accuracy.
✅ 19. What is a common mistake teams make when estimating with Story Points?
A. Including testing time in the estimate
B. Comparing Story Points across different teams
C. Using Planning Poker
D. Estimating based on relative effort
✔️ Correct Answer: B. Comparing Story Points across different teams
Explanation: Story Points are team-specific and should not be compared across teams, as each team calibrates effort differently.
✅ 20. How can a team improve the consistency of their Story Point estimates?
A. Estimate only during retrospectives
B. Use a different scale for each sprint
C. Establish baseline stories for reference
D. Let only the Product Owner estimate
✔️ Correct Answer: C. Establish baseline stories for reference
Explanation: Having a few reference stories with agreed-upon point values helps teams anchor future estimates consistently.
